Macbeth Analysis - 1031 Words

The Audience’s Perception of Macbeth As one reads the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, they could not fail to notice the evolution of the main character, Macbeth, and his tragic fall from a once proud man to the scourge of his kingdom. From the first scene the reader is introduced to protagonist as being an honorable, brave, and loyal military man, who exemplifies what it means to be a general in his king’s army. However, as the play progresses, Macbeth begins to dive deeper into the dark side of human nature and by the end of the play he has transformed into an almost complete opposite of the man the reader was originally presented with. Throughout the play Macbeth is both influenced and tricked by other characters into going†¦show more content†¦However the guilt and insecurity only continue to mount on Macbeth’s conscience which becomes clear as the madness begins to take over his mind. Throughout the play Macbeth’s mental state grows increasingly worse as he murders more people in attempt to obtain and hold onto his throne. Brought on by the immense guilt he feels for the murder of Duncan and Banquo, Macbeth is haunted by vivid hallucinations and paranoia. The banquet scene in Act 3, Scene 4, in which Macbeth sees the ghost of Banquo sitting at the table, is a clear example of how his actions have weighed on his conscience, thus showing how Macbeth still feels a sense of morality, however small. Even Lady Macbeth begins to suffer the effects of her guilt by suffering from bouts of sleepwalking and paranoia. By the play’s end, Macbeth’s mental state has completely changed from the original character that we were first introduced to. Shakespeare uses this descent into madness as another way for the audience to feel sympathy for Macbeth. The way in which Shakespeare wanted the audience to view Macbeth by the end of the play relies heavily on opinion. It is clear that throughout the play, Macbeth becomes more and more accustom to killing to reach h is goal, but his mind also begins to fail at the same rate. Although Macbeth originally had control over his actions, he was also pushed and mislead by several outside forces who initiallyShow MoreRelatedMacbeth Analysis1293 Words   |  6 Pages Sigmund Freud displayed heavy interest in Shakespeare’s Macbeth (Holland 66). Just like Freud, multiple psychoanalysts explore Macbeth’s mental state. William Shakespeare’s tragedy, Macbeth, develops a character who begins as a soldier and becomes a corrupted leader. Readers of Macbeth begin to notice the psychological deterioration of Macbeth as he gains more power. Rollo May, a writer and existential psychologist, distinguishes the five levels of intrapsychic power levels. May argues that theRead MoreMacbeth s Character Analysis : Macbeth1086 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth s Character Analysis Shakespeare presents Macbeth as a noble thane of King Duncan in the beginning of the play. The three witches tell Macbeth he will become King of Scotland; his desire and ambition to become king causes him to suffer. Macbeth’s greed causes his change in character, and this is revealed by what he says, what he does, and what others say about him. Macbeth’s changes are revealed through what he says. Thomas Thrasher said, â€Å"Macbeth is a noble character of flawless moralsRead MoreMacbeth Motif Critical Analysis : Macbeth1383 Words   |  6 PagesMichael Efstration Mrs. Beauchamp H English 12 6 January 2015 Macbeth Motif Critical Analysis: Sleeplessness Macbeth is a play about a man and his desires that get the best of him. The calamity is fashioned through the inspiration of several characters including his wife, Lady Macbeth and the exciting force the witches create that begin the underlying motif of sleeplessness. Macbeth is a good person at heart, but through various temptations becomes obsessed and gets destroyed by the very thingRead More Macbeth: Character Analysis Of Macbeth Essay1040 Words   |  5 Pages Macbeth: Character Analysis of Macbeth nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Macbeth was a true Shakespearean tragic hero. He had many noble qualities as well as several tragic flaws. He was a courageous, brave and good nobleman who was haunted by superstition, moral cowardice and an overwhelming ambition. Progressively through the play, his flaws started consuming his qualities until they are that can be seen of him. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Macbeth was a courageous and strong nobleman. He and BanquoRead Moremacbeth plot analysis727 Words   |  3 Pages01.08 Macbeth Plot Analysis Graphic Organizer Plot Elements Element Definition Act in the Play Exposition:      Ã‚  The beginning of the play in which the characters and settings are introduced and initial conflicts are also presented.    Act 1 Rising Action:    The point of the play in which the initial story gets more complicated and the conflict is more revealed. Act 2 Climax:    The highest point and also the turning point of the story in which many of the initial situationsRead MoreMacbeth Relationship Analysis1302 Words   |  6 PagesMACBETH RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS I found the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth very interesting in the play. In Act I they are completely devoted to each other. Love, respect and trust are the contents of their relationship. The trust in the relationship is revealed right at the beginning when Macbeth sends his wife a letter telling her about the witches and the predictions #8220;This have I thought good to deliver to thee, my dearest partner of greatness, that thee mightst notRead MoreAnalysis of Macbeth Essay912 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Macbeth Macbeth, is one of the greatest tragedy plays written by William Shakespeare. It is a rather short play with a major plot that we had to follow it carefully to understand its significance. The play is a tragedy about evil rising to power, which ends up corrupting the main characters Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. In the opening of the play Macbeth is introduced to the audience as Thane of Glamis and is respected. The witches also play a major part in theRead MoreMacbeth Analysis1923 Words   |  8 Pagesbecame overwhelmed by ambition and greed. Macbeth is portrayed as a brave and noble man for winning the battle; however, he becomes the victim of an irrepressible ambition which has no boundaries. Macbeths obsession for power takes control of his actions and desperate needs. Macbeth recognized his intentions were completely immoral, however, his ambition betrayed him, forcing him to murder the king and anyone who posed a threat to his throne. Soon after, Macbeth became fearful and felt guilty and beganRead MoreEssay Macbeth Character Analysis577 Words   |  3 Pages Character Analysis nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the tragedy Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, many character traits are portrayed through the various characters throughout the play. Macbeth was one of Shakespeareamp;#8217;s greatest tragedies. It was completed in 1606 and was most likely first performed before King James I and his royal family at Hampton Court. King James I is believed to be a direct descendent of the character Banquo. Probably the most potent character trait expressedRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Macbeth 991 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most famous soliloquies in history is Macbeth s Tomorrow†   speech, aside from Hamlet’s. It goes over many contemplating thoughts, and like all Shakespeare plays, he tries to answer them. During the events of Act 5, Scene 5 of the play Macbeth, Lady Macbeth goes insane and solves it by killing herself. Macbeth hears a scream and doesn’t bother to check who it is. He sends someone to find out, and when he gets the news, he’s mad at her for not being able to see his triumph. His soliloquy

Improving Patient s Safety Investigating Risk Factors For...

Older adults living in long-term care facilities fall frequently and the rate will continue to increase. The purpose of this paper is to improve patient’s safety examining risk factors for falls using evidence based practice research studies. The studies suggested that falls are associated with many factors like impairments, medication, lack of exercise, and nursing intervention. Strategies for implementation of a fall prevention are listed, along with current nursing practice. Another essential step is to have a completed risk assessment of resident upon admission, modification of the environment assessment and implementing strategies to identified any potential risks. Introduction Preventing falls and injuries have consistently becoming an ongoing challenge in long-term care facilities. Falls related injuries happen frequently and repeatedly that can cause serious injuries and impact the quality of life. These injuries may lead to loss of independence, injuries, and even death. In adults age 65 and older, unintentional injuries represent the fifth leading cause of death and 66% of these deaths are fall related (Rubenstein, 2006). However, the surrounding alone is insufficient to cause falls, but other factors play a part like medication, cognitive impairment, poor balance, and lack of nursing intervention. Primary care providers must aim to reduce the fall rate and promote resident safety. There should be a continuing communication where nursesShow MoreRelatedBusiness Analysis of Little Falls Hospital1101 Words   |  4 Pagesmost basic sense, risk management identifies, allows assessment, and prioritizes risks that are associated and central to an individual project or organization. Risk management allows the organization to be proactive in preventing or mitigating risks, for improving certain processes within the organization, and with the hope of preventing fiscal exposure. However, in almost every organization there are risks individuals are unique and do not always perform at a high level of safety; mechanical or designRead MoreThe Duty Of Care Services1553 Words   |  7 PagesThere are 7 principles all care workers must follow in order to care for the service users effectively. I will be investigating the quality of care given by service providers in both a child and adult health and social care settings. if the duty of care is not followed, implications can occur, for example it is a carers duty of care to report any signs of abuse they may notice on a patient, reporting this to higher authority etc could possibly save that service users life. Service users have rightsRead MoreImproving Geriatric Health, Decreasi ng Healthcare Costs Essay1740 Words   |  7 Pagespessimism; changing the way patients and doctors currently deal with healthcare and prevention can reduce costly financial burdens and improve quality of life. On average, members of the Baby Boom generation will gain nineteen years of life in comparison to their parents (American Geriatrics Society, 2013, p. 623). The American Hospital Association’s â€Å"Boomer Report† (2007) clearly describes some of the differences these nineteen years will generate: Geriatric patients will require a profoundly higherRead MoreNursing Shortage And Provision Of Safe Nursing Care1922 Words   |  8 Pagesshortage has resulted in fewer bedside nurses working longer hours and care for high acuity patients. This situation compromises care and contributes further to the nursing shortage by creating an environment that drives nurses from the bedside. The Registered Nurse Safe Staffing Act of 2015 (H.R. 2083) was introduced by Senator Lois Capps to amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide patient protection by establishing safe nurse staffing levels. It proposes a balanced approach to ensureRead MoreIntroduction Of A Compressed Working Week5049 Words   |  21 Pagesemployers’ a greater flexibility opportunity to meet competitive business labour demands. Increasing CWW demand can be attributed to employee desires for greater working hour flexibility however available research consistently voices associated health risks which little action taken to appropriately address and manage as discussed below. Key words: compressed working week, shortened working week, shift pattern, shift work, extended work hours, long working hours, health, literature review EvolvingRead MoreA Close Look at Rheumatoid Arthritis Essay3756 Words   |  16 Pagesor if the patient does not respond to treatment, irrevocable bone deformity, bone erosion and immobility is often the sequelae. Standards of treatment According to the American College of Rheumatology (ARC) (2012) and recommendations by the International Task Force of Rheumatologists (2010) treatment is aimed at remission, reduction of the inflammatory response, pain control, conserving joint function and preventing and/or halting joint destruction. Medications used to treat RA fall into two categories:Read MoreAre the Laws Regarding Mentally Disordered Offenders Adequate?5365 Words   |  22 Pagespsychiatric institutes in the 1980s resulted from therapeutic advancement and the advent of psychotropic medication, which in turn led to a need to provide care and treatment in the least restrictive setting (Geller et al, 2006 ; Morrow e al 2003). Many patients were discharged, starting part of the governments policy of care in the community, part of which Community Treatment Orders (CTOs) are. Introduced internationally since 1980, CTOs were introduced in England and Wales with the amendment to the 1983Read MorePhysical Restraint And Nursing Home Facilities5608 Words   |  23 Pagesfor using a physical restraint include: 1) a concern for the physical safety of the resident; and 2) physical or psychological needs expressed by a resident. A resident s fear of falling may be the basis of a medical symptom. Studies in the 1980’s indicated that restraints were more likely to cause harm rather than prevent it. Restraints caused many detrimental effects that included strangulation, bone loss or the patient becoming weak. Ultimately being restrained oftentimes caused an individualRead MoreA Case Study of Activity Based Costing6470 Words   |  26 Pagesthe organization under different perspectives, investigating reactions, behaviours and results in three subunits arising from the attempts at ABC implementation. The appropriateness of the method is unique as it differentiates this investigation from previous contributions to the ABC literature. The conclusion delved on the implications for implementation of novel accounting techniques in healthcare settings. The study identified a number of factors which influences the implementation of ABC, suchRead MoreGuidelines, Policies And Procedures Within Ownu.k Home Nation Affecting The Safeguarding Of Children And Young People10852 Words   |  44 Pagespolicies and procedures within own U.K home nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people. Working together to safeguard children 2013 defined safeguarding as protecting â€Å"children form maltreatment, preventing impairment of children s health and development, ensuring that children grow up in circumstances consistent with the provision and effective care and taking action to enable all children to have the best outcomes.† Having safeguards in place not only protects and promotes the

Natarajan 1 Essay Example For Students

Natarajan 1 Essay Indi NatarajanMr. M. HarveyEnglish 2, Pre-IB16 March 2004 IsolationIn Kafkas The Metamorphosis, the main character Gregor Samsa wakesup tofind himself transformed into an enormous bug. This sudden change, however,is not thebeginning of his isolation from his family. The book starts out in asetting most wouldconsider the starting point of seclusion, yet they will find later on thatis not so. There aremany events leading up to his physical change, but in reality the way he isemotionallytreated changes in no drastic way whatsoever. The harsh conditions of hisever-travelingjob and his familys dwindling appreciation for the money he provides themare mainissues that precede Gregors actual transformation. One form of isolation during the years advancing Gregors physicalchange washis life at home. Gregor loved his family and desperately wanted to keepthem happy,healthy, and safe; yet to accomplish all of this with only his providing ofmoney took alot of work. Slowly he drowned himself in work, for the good of the family;but at thesame time they slowly drowned him out of their affairs. His father hadalways givenGregor the idea that they were in desperate need of money, but it wasntuntil he was abug that he realized he was wrong in thinking his father had not been ableto save apenny. Strangely, however, Gregor was not upset at the thought of beingmisled by hisfather to work even more strenuously when the family didnt gravely needmoney. HeNatarajan 2thought of it as the first pleasant news he had heard since hisimprisonment. As hisfamily began isolating him from their life, Gregor began to have plenty oftime on hishands to think of issues concerning him, often reminiscing of the old days. At times hewould recall the special up rush of warm feelings that used to surroundhim whendelivering the hard earned cash to his family. He thought of how theirappreciation haddwindled. Not that they werent grateful, but that they had simply acceptedthe fact thatGregor now took care of them. Although he was never upset at the subsidingreverencefor his work, he did resent that his family had simply gotten used to it. They eventuallystarted regarding him as just being there. He was now neither their son norbrother;instead he became the Gregor who pays for food and lives upstairs. Gregors job as a traveling salesman, day in, day out on theroad, left himwith no time for himself, his friends, or his family. On a normal day,Gregor wouldawaken around 4 oclock, catch a train at 5 oclock and return for lunchjust in time to seeother salesmen just awakening. He was completely devoted to his job; infact during thefive years with the firm Gregor had not been sick even once. His boss,however, stillkept a messenger boy waiting at the train stop to assure him of Gregorsarrival. Thisshows that throughout all the years Gregor had worked with the firm, theyhave yet totreat him human and perhaps to trust his coming to work. He often wonderedwhy hepicked such a grueling job, but deep down he knew he had to pay off hisparents sixyear debt. Gregor vowed that after he got the money together to pay offhis parents debtto his boss he would no longer stand for any of the heartless qualitiesassociated with thejob and would quit. The inhumanness of his job really became apparent whenhe Natarajan 3recounted the terrible things hes forced to do every day: torture oftraveling, worryingabout changing trains, eating miserable food at all hours, constantlyseeing new faces, norelationships that last or get more intimate. Obviously during work thesethings weremajor contributors to Gregors isolation, and the conditions under whichGregor issupposed to work leave him with no time outside of his job. .u5f9456670c06c809382758a21d643e54 , .u5f9456670c06c809382758a21d643e54 .postImageUrl , .u5f9456670c06c809382758a21d643e54 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5f9456670c06c809382758a21d643e54 , .u5f9456670c06c809382758a21d643e54:hover , .u5f9456670c06c809382758a21d643e54:visited , .u5f9456670c06c809382758a21d643e54:active { border:0!important; } .u5f9456670c06c809382758a21d643e54 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5f9456670c06c809382758a21d643e54 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5f9456670c06c809382758a21d643e54:active , .u5f9456670c06c809382758a21d643e54:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5f9456670c06c809382758a21d643e54 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5f9456670c06c809382758a21d643e54 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5f9456670c06c809382758a21d643e54 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5f9456670c06c809382758a21d643e54 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5f9456670c06c809382758a21d643e54:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5f9456670c06c809382758a21d643e54 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5f9456670c06c809382758a21d643e54 .u5f9456670c06c809382758a21d643e54-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5f9456670c06c809382758a21d643e54:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Napoleon Bonaparte Essay SummaryGregors life revolved completely around his family, and he tried ashard as hecould to provide them with a care-free life. In all the ways he couldimagine he createdexactly what he wanted: his sisters life consisted of wearing prettyclothes, sleepinglate, helping in the house, enjoying a few modest amusements, and above allplaying theviolin. Gregor had also gone a step further and stored some money away,planning tosend his sister to the Conservatory where she could study music. Besidesall thewonderful things he tried to do; Gregor had gone over the top in trying toohard to supplyto his family a perfect life where they didnt have to do any wor k. Becausehe tried tocarry the whole burden of his family on his shoulders, he became over-worked at his joband his family began taking advantage of him. Gregor became isolated farearlier thanwhen his physical appearance changed, he was outcast when he buried himselfin hiswork and lost contact with his family and society.

Dabbawala Service

Questions: 1. Taking the example of the Dabbawala service as an example, discuss the five performance objectives of an operation. 2. Why does the Dabbawalas service offer such an amazing dependability?3. What do you think are the main threats to this service? Answers: 1. Five performance goals of operations are in terms of Dabbawala service in Mumbai is described in the following: Quality: Quality of the service of Dabbawala service in Mumbai is up to the mark. It cannot be rated as high rating because there are much more scopes of improvement of the service of Dabbawalas in Mumbai. The objectives of the Dabbawala service are constantly changing in order to improve their service in Mumbai. Quality of the operations of Dabbawala will lead to the effect of costs and increases and decreases the speed. If the lunchbox delivery boy commits a mistake, then it can lead to delay of the service as well as incurring of more costs to the Dabbawalas. Effectiveness of quality service would increase to the level of speed of delivery of the Dabbas (lunchbox). Speed: Speed of the service reflects the amount of time taken by the company between the request of the customer and the delivery of the Dabbas by the Dabbawalas to the destination of delivery. Dabbawala service in Mumbai has a remarkable speed of delivery. However, due to lack of usage of technologies, sometimes delivery of the Dabbas becomes late. Dependability: Dependability of the service refers to the delivery of service as promised to the customer during the time of lodging the request of the customers. The deliverymen are dedicated to provide the committed service to their respective clients in particular offices. People usually depend on them for the lunch while they are working in their office (Oakland 2014). Flexibility: Flexibility in the service of operations illustrates the adaption of the improved process of delivery in its operational process. The Dabbawala service is not much flexible in adapting high tech processes as most of the people in the service of delivering lunch boxes to places are not literate. Apart from that, they are very poor and are not fit in scientifically improved system of the operations. It will take a lot of time to train them in the modern updated forms of operations. Cost: Operation cost is considered as the significant factor of profitability of the business and the cost of the products and services provided by the Dabbawalas to its customers. It will also result in the affordability of the customers. Dabbawala service is cheap in price hence it can be afforded by the customers. If the cost of the operations gets increased then the price of the service will also increase which can affect certain customers in availing the service within their budget (Hamta et al. 2013). 2. In terms of dependability, Dabbawala service offers an excellent dependability for the customers. The persons that are delivering the lunch boxes to the respective customers on a daily basis usually build a relationship with the particular customers. They are building a bridge of trust so that the customers can rely on the particular deliverymen. The element of trust is very important for the Dabbawala service, as the customers are assured about their quality of food and avail their lunch at time. The trust building is the core strength of the Dabbawala service in Mumbai as it reflects the hand on operations between the deliverymen and the customer. Apart from that, proper time management is considered as the key of success of the Dabbawala service in Mumbai as the people involved in the service are dedicated to commit the goals of the company (Baindur and Macrio 2013). The deliverymen are committed to keep their customers happy by delivering them their orders in time. It is the k ey to the success of the Dabbawala service in Mumbai. The hand on operations and the good behavior of the deliverymen leads to the improvement of the service level. It is seen that the office workers of different areas of Mumbai are satisfied with the particular delivery person serve their lunch to them. The satisfaction and the dependability of the customers are responsible for marketing of their service. As it is earlier mentioned that the Dabbawala service in Mumbai is not using high tech technologies in its operations and distribution channel, hence it is a very well recognized medium to increase the awareness of the service across different parts of Mumbai. Word of Mouth (WOM) promotion is most trusted form of promotion because until date most of the consumers buy things and avail service on the recommendations of their friends, relatives and other closed ones (Thomke 2012). 3. Apart from having many opportunities and factors of dependability of the Dabbawala service, many threats are there in the market of food delivery operations in Mumbai. Mumbai is a metropolitan city of India. Almost all the facilities of an urban city is available in Mumbai. People residing in Mumbai are habituated in availing all updated amenities in every field of work. Compared to the updated service, Dabbawala service still face threats, as they are not using updated forms of technologies for improving their operations in different parts of Mumbai. There are many competitors present in Mumbai for food delivery in different parts of India. There are multinational fast food chains that are not only selling their products in their company retail outlets but also they deliver their food items within a short span of time with lots of offers on availing their service (Vrat 2014). Dabbawala service is not present in the world of digital media. It is a major threat to the service of the operation. The food delivery companies of Mumbai are tech savvy in nature as the customers are using internet nowadays for most of their work being it official or household work. Use of internet and other technologies automatically fasten the process of delivery compared to Dabbawala service in Mumbai. Not only the multinational companies, but also the local companies of Mumbai are using modern technologies and forms of operation that increase the speed of the service provided to the customers. Introduction of many promotional offers also help the companies in attracting many customers who will avail their service and maintaining customer loyalty (Roncaglia 2013). References Baindur, D. and Macrio, R.M., 2013. Mumbai lunch box delivery system: A transferable benchmark in urban logistics?.Research in transportation economics,38(1), pp.110-121. Hamta, N., Ghomi, S.F., Jolai, F. and Shirazi, M.A., 2013. A hybrid PSO algorithm for a multi-objective assembly line balancing problem with flexible operation times, sequence-dependent setup times and learning effect.International Journal of Production Economics,141(1), pp.99-111. Oakland, J.S., 2014.Total quality management and operational excellence: text with cases. Routledge. Roncaglia, S., 2013.Feeding the City: Work and Food Culture of the Mumbai Dabbawalas. Open Book Publishers. Thomke, S., 2012. Mumbais Models of Service Excellence.Harvard Business Review,90, pp.121-126. Vrat, P., 2014. Systems Approach and Supply Chain Management. InMaterials Management(pp. 357-378). Springer India.

Songhai Empire Essay Example

Songhai Empire Paper Beffa 4 The Songhai Empire Alex Beffa Global History April 9, 2012 Beffa 3 The Songhai, also known as the Songhay, was not only the last, but also the largest and greatest empire of western Africa between 1000 and 1600 ce. i The previous empire was the Mali empire. Songhai was just a client state at the port of Gao, which was a major trading port for trans-Saharan trade especially since it is located on the Niger river. When the Mali empire started to decline in the 14 th century, the Songhai king declared independence. i The Songhai empire was the most thriving west African empire for many reasons but major ones are: the kings Sunni Ali and Muhammad Ture as well as the conquering of the city of Timbuktu. Sunni Ali became ruler in 1464. He did not waste any time waiting to begin expanding. Shortly after coming to power, he went to conquer the great trading port of Timbuktu from the Tuareg raiders. After Timbuktu was his, Sunni Alis armies went south to the port of Jenne. In 1480, he attacked the Mossi states south of the Niger river. He had a strong military background which helped him become one of the best conquerers and leaders in African empire history until this point. His best asset was his naval skills which is mostly likely why he typically conquered ports along the Niger river. One of his major advancements was the the creation of a bureaucracy. This allowed the Songhai to be a more centralized empire than the previous empires of Ghana and Mali. To help get the Muslim support, Sunni Ali claimed to be a Muslim, though he never truly left the old traditional religions supposedly due to the belief that it was the source of his supernatural powers in battle. We will write a custom essay sample on Songhai Empire specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Songhai Empire specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Songhai Empire specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In 1492, after a successful conquest, according to some oral traditions, Sunni Ali drowned while crossing the Niger river. Still others refuse to accept this theory, insisting that he died in battle. His reign was from 1464-1492. When Sunni Ali died, one of his sons named Sunni Barou took over. iii Unfortunately, unlike his father, Sunni Barou did not claim to be Muslim but rather embraced the old tradition. This did not go over very well with the Muslim community in the empire. Not long after taking the throne, Sunni Barou was overthrown by a very faithful muslim named Muhammad Ture. Born around 1440, he was a very ruthless Beffa 4 killer. He even want so far as to eliminate the rest of Sunni Alis family members. As for his way of governing, the Islamic religion played a big role. He believed that the spread of islam was very important for two reasons. One, he was a devout muslim and felt that everyone should be. And second, he saw Islam as a way to unify the empire. He organized his own bureaucracy with 10 providences and an administrator for each. This allowed him to rule very effectively over a vast empire. To lower chances of a rebellion, Muhammad Ture would not allow the kings of the conquered to keep their power but instead he would replace them with members of his own family. In 1495, Muhammad decided to make a pilgrimage to Mecca. Unlike other rulers, he was able to leave for long periods of time due to how incredibly stable his government was. After his journey, he felt the need to expand the empire. When Sunni Ali had died, a good number of the states Sunni Ali had conquered had declared independence. It was up to muhammad to reassert the Songhai’s control over these territories. He had no problem with going on an almost continuous military conquest for close to two decades. Like Sunni Ali, Muhammad Ture also expanded the navy. After a military life like that, he was lucky to be around to experience old age. In 1528 Muhammad was so well aged that he had lost the drive to continue the conquests. Also he began to go blind, so his son Farimundyo Musa took over. Farimundyo Musa changed his name to Askia Musa which is where the Askia dynasty comes from. Askia Musa was assassinated in 1531 by one of his brothers. Since Muhammad Ture was Islamic and education is a big part of Islam, Muhammad obviously supported education. The University of Timbuktu was one of the first universities in all of Africa. It attracted many scholars, mainly Islamic. Trade helped bring prosperity to the Songhai Empire as well as these other advances. iv Timbuktu was not only, a major trading spot, but also an educational capital. It had a big effect on the Songhai empire. By conquering this major port early on in the Songhai empires life, it established a sort of foundation. By controlling this port along with a few other key cities, they basically dominated the trans-Saharan trade. Timbuktu Beffa 3 was founded by nomads of the Tuareg in the early 12 th century. In its early days, Timbuktu was thought to be inferior to other major trading ports for trans-Saharan trade such as the cities of Ghana or Walata because they were more impressive. It did not take long to change peoples minds. Timbuktu and its sister city Jenne, which was also soon conquered by the Songhai, were in much better position to the gold field than Walata. Another factor in the rise of timbuktu was the nomad arabs that had been raiding caravans along the western routes. In turn, more people had been taking the eastern routes through Timbuktu. Finally, probably the most signif icant reason timbuktu was such a major port, Timbuktu was on a point where three major trans-Saharan routes went: the Mauritanian, Taghaza salt road, and the route to In Salah by way of Arawan. Two of the most important major imports and exports of the Songhai empire were salt and gold, but other items included slaves, ivory, cotton fabrics, grains, and ostrich feathers. vi To Timbuktu in particular, the major ones were gold, salt, slaves, and kola nuts. The salt came from the salt mines in the Sahara. The gold came from Bure, Bambuk, and Akan. The others, kola nuts and slaves were kinda of wide spread, coming from several p laces and in demand at many more. Naturally as a major trading port, Timbuktu had cultural diffusion. Islamic ideas were passed around especially when Muhammad Ture was in power. vii In 1591 a Moroccan force overthrew the last king of the Songhai empire, thus ending the reign of the greatest western African empire between 1100 and 1600. viii They took the capital at Gao and then moved on to timbuktu. ix It would make sense that trade would be the Songhais forte since when the Mali empire was still in power, the Songhai was a major trading spot at the city of Gao. And the big emphasis on having a great navy would also make sense considering they are located on the Niger river. The major reasons for such an enormous and thriving empire were the well-organized government, combined with outstanding kings, and never having a financial crisis since they conquered cities like Timbuktu and Jenne right from the beginning. Beffa 4 Bibliography Fritze, Ronald. Timbuktu. In World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2004-. Accessed April 16, 2012. http://ancienthistory. abc-clio. com/. Insoll, Timothy A. â€Å"Trade Empire. † Archeaology 53, no. 6 (november 2000): 48 MAS Ultra-School Edition, Ebscohost (accessed February 5, 2012). Page, Willie F. Encyclopedia of African History and Culture. USA: A Learning Source Book, 2001 William, Oscar. â€Å"Songhai Empire. † In World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABCCLIO, 2004-. Accessed February 5, 2012. http://ancienthistory. abcclio. com/search/display/601432? terms=songhai World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras, s. v. â€Å"Africa, 3000 BCE-1500 BCE,† ac cessed February 4, 2012. http://ancienthistory. abcclio. com/search/display/588506? terms=medieval+africa+songhai World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras, s. v. Askia dynasty, accessed April 16, 2012. http://ancienthistory. bc-clio. com/. World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras, s. v. Muhammad Ture, accessed April 15, 2012. http://ancienthistory. abc-clio. com/. World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras, s. v. Sunni Ali, accessed April 8, http://ancienthistory. abc-clio. com/. 2012. i Oscar William. â€Å"Songhai Empire. † In World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC- CLIO, 2004-. Accessed February 5 , 2012. http://ancienthistory. abc-clio. com/search/display/601432? terms=songhai ii World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras, s. v. Sunni Ali, accessed April 15, 2012. http://ancienthistory. abc-clio. om/. iii World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras, s. v. Sunni Ali,† iv World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras, s. v. Muhammad Ture, accessed April 15, 2012. http://ancienthistory. abc-clio. com/. v Ronald Fritze. Timbuktu. In World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2004-. Accessed April 16, 2012. http://ancienthistory. abc-clio. com/. vi World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras, s. v. Muhammad Ture,† vii Fritze viii World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras, s. v. Askia dynasty, accessed April 16, 2012. http://ancienthistory. abc-clio. com/. ix Fritze

Brick Wall Strategies for Finding Your Ancestors

Brick Wall Strategies for Finding Your Ancestors When it comes to family trees things are rarely straightforward. Families often disappear between one census and the next; records are lost or destroyed through mishandling, fire, war, and flood; and sometimes the facts you do find just dont make sense. When your family history research hits a dead-end, organize your facts and try one of these popular brick wall-busting tactics. Review What You Already Have I know. It seems basic. But I cant stress enough how many brick walls are breached with information that the researcher already has tucked away in notes, files, boxes or on the computer. Information that you found a few years ago may include names, dates or other details that now provide clues given new facts that youve since uncovered. Organizing your files and reviewing your information and evidence may uncover just the clue youre looking for. Go Back to the Original Source Many of us are guilty when transcribing information or recording notes of only including the information we deem important at the time. You may have kept the names and dates from that old census record, but did you also keep track of other information such as years of marriage and country of parents origin? Did you record the names of the neighbors? Or, perhaps, you misread a name or misinterpreted a relationship? If you havent already, be sure to go back to the original records, making complete copies and transcriptions and recording all clues - however unimportant they may seem right now. Broaden Your Search When youre stuck on a particular ancestor, a good strategy is to extend your search to family members and neighbors. When you cant find a birth record for your ancestor that lists his/her parents, maybe you can locate one for a sibling. Or, when youve lost a family between census years, try looking for their neighbors. You may be able to identify a migration pattern, or a mis-indexed census entry that way. Often referred to as cluster genealogy, this research process can often get you past tough brick walls. Question and Verify Many brick walls are built from incorrect data. In other words, your sources may be leading you in the wrong direction through their inaccuracy. Published sources often contain transcription errors, while even original documents may contain misinformation, whether purposefully or accidentally given. Try to find at least three records to verify any facts that you already know and judge the quality of your data based on the weight of the evidence. Check Name Variations Your brick wall may just be something as simple as looking for the wrong name. Variations of last names can make research complicated, but be sure to check all spelling options. Soundex is a first step, but you cant count on it entirely - some name variations can actually result in different soundex codes. Not only can the surnames be different, but the given name may be different as well. Ive found records recorded under initials, middle names, nicknames, etc. Get creative with name spellings and variations and cover all the possibilities. Learn Your Boundaries Even though you know that your ancestor lived on the same farm, you may still be looking in the wrong jurisdiction for your ancestor. Town, county, state, and even country boundaries have changed over time as populations grew or political authority changed hands. Records were also not always registered in the locality where your ancestors lived. In Pennsylvania, for example, births and deaths can be registered in any county, and many of my Cambria county ancestors records were actually located in neighboring Clearfield county because they lived closer to that county seat and found it a more convenient trip. So, bone up on your historical geography and you just may find a new route around your brick wall. Ask for Help Fresh eyes can often see beyond brick walls, so try bouncing your theories off other researchers. Post a query to a Web site or mailing list which focuses on the locality in which the family lived, check with members of the local historical or genealogical society, or just talk through it with someone else who loves family history research. Be sure to include what you already know, as well as what youd like to know and which tactics youve already tried.

Sukuk and Screening of Stocks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sukuk and Screening of Stocks - Essay Example The challenge lies in adapting instruments such a Sukuk in these mediums without compromising on the dictates of the Shariah. Of all the financial certificates transacted in banks outside the Islamic world, bonds are most amenable to the requisites of Shariah. Already many Islamic banks are issuing a variety of Sukuk (not all of which are Shariah compliant); but the best option of satisfying Islamic principles while also being able to integrate into global markets is through Sukuks issued as bonds. Presently Islamic banks employ three mechanisms to showcase the compatibility of their Sukuks with conventional bonds. Firstly, the bond holders' ownership of Enterprise Assets clearly distinguish these Sukuks from interest-based bonds. The second mechanism is the distribution of profits generated by these enterprises at fixed percentages as per prevailing interest rates. The third mechanism is the assurance of capital protection, meaning that at least the principal will be returned to the investor. In order for these Sukuk's to be Shariah compliant they have to answer some key questions. First, is the stipulated amount â€Å"in excess of the price of interest for the manager of the enterprise under the pretense that this is an incentive for good management?† Also, will the manager purchase the assets that is nominated in the Sukuk at its face value and not at its going-rate in the markets at the time of its redemption? If the answer to any such question is in the negative then the Sukuk is considered to have breached the Shariah rules. In this respect the guidelines and deliberations given by the Shariah committee is a useful resource. Author Muhammad Taqi Usmani goes on to talk about how many banks in the Islamic world have failed in upkeeping the tradition of Shariah in order to attract investors. Presently there are loopholes in the system, exploiting which bank managers project a Sukuk as genuinely Shariah compliant, whereas in reality they are only nomin ally so. It is imperative that managers do not indulge in such practices. The paper prepared by Nizam Yaquby titled 'Participation and Trading in Equities of Companies whose Main Business is Primarily Lawful But Fraught With Some Prohibited Transaction' highlights some of the tendencies on part of Islamic banks to neglect Shariah mandates in their pursuit for greater revenues. The ubiquitousness of Joint Stock Companies and the dealing of their stocks by banks throws open several dilemmas. With the Internet making purchase, holding and selling of such stocks quite easy, many banks in the Islamic world are indirectly trading in financial instruments that do not conform to the Shariah code. Trading in stocks of Joint Stock Companies, also called Public Limited Companies, has elicited mixed reactions among Islamic scholars. One group views this practice as permissible provided â€Å"that the profits earned should be purged from unlawful gains†; while the other group finds it obj ectionable. Citing several legal maxims, scholars have either supported or opposed this practice. Some of these maxims are â€Å"The General need Takes the rule of specific Necessity; Mixture of Negligible Unlawful Part with Lawful Major Part; Majority Has the Ruling of the Whole, or the Majority Counts ; and What is Inescapable is tolerable†